The use and impact of contraceptives in women: a critical review (2025)

Related papers

A Multicenter Observational Study to See the Trends of Using Different Contraceptive Agents and Its Drawbacks

Umme Ruman

Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021

Aim: Bangladesh is a densely populated country where approximately 1,260 people are living per square kilometer. The Ministry of Health of Bangladesh and different Non-Governmental Organizations are providing free contraceptive methods, and for its availability now, our total fertility rate (TFR) is reduced to 2.3. However, due to ignorance and reluctance, family planning utilization is yet suboptimal, especially that of long-term and irreversible methods; and thus, an unexpected, as well as unplanned pregnancy is increasing at a pace. Due to the availability of over-the-counter (OTC) abortifacient drugs like misoprostol and mifepristone (MM) kit in our country, people are consuming unsupervised not only the wrong dose but also in a wrong gestational age. Thus, unsafe abortion is highly increasing, although most of these women know about different types of regular contraceptive methods. In this study, our aim was to observe the trends of using contraception, especially the long-term methods and its drawback. Methods and materials: The study design was accepted by the Ethical Review Committee of Combined Military Hospital (CMH) of Bogura. In total, 32,629 women were enrolled in the present study. This retrograde observational study was conducted from July 2017 to June 2019 in four hospitals/clinics-CMH of Bogura, Thengamara Mahila Shobuj Shangha (TMSS) Medical College and Hospital, Mary Stopes Clinic (MSC), and Shurjer Hashi Clinic (SHC). These centers were selected purposively as they have distinct family planning section as well as they maintain well-structured data. Different parameters were compared between 2017 and 2018. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS (version 10), and the result that is lower than or equal to 0.05 has been signified as "statistically significant. " Results: Among the different contraceptions like short-acting methods [oral contraceptive pill (OCP), condom, and injectable hormones] and long-acting methods [intrauterine contraception device (IUCD) and implant] and permanent methods (tubectomy and vasectomy), the study observed that in CMH of Bogura, the number of OCP and condom users have significantly increased in 2018 compared to that of 2017, and the p-value is 0.047 and 0.039, respectively. In 2018, IUCD users are significantly reduced (p = 0.0001) in CMH of Bogura, compared to the previous year, whereas in other hospitals/clinics, the outcome is nonsignificant. In the case of implant users, the number is almost similar in all the centers (for TMSS, p = 0.063; SHC, p = 0.25; MSC, p = 0.71), but surprisingly in CMH of Bogura, no users were found in both years. For the injectable users, it significantly increased in MSC (p = 0.005) but significantly decreased in TMSS (p = 0.043), whereas it slightly decreased in CMH of Bogura (p = 0.13) and SHC (p = 0.226). The use of OCP was significantly increased in MSC (0.01) and CMH of Bogura (p = 0.047), whereas it was significantly reduced in SHC (p = 0.008). In TMSS and CMH of Bogura, the condom users were significantly increased (p = 0.035 and p = 0.039, respectively). In the case of tubal ligation, no change was observed in any center, whereas in the case of male sterilization, it was observed that it was absent in the three centers, but in MSC, it has increased suddenly in the second year. The number of induced abortions after using MM kit was increased. They are admitted to hospital with excess hemorrhage and infection. Preference of these agents is due to quick action and short dosage. Conclusion: Campaign for long-acting contraception should be emphasized. Well-trained family planning officer should be employed. OTC availability of abortifacient drugs should be restricted, and it should only be prescribed by the doctor or health provider.

View PDFchevron_right

The Trends of Using Different Contraceptive Agents and its Drawbacks: A Multicenter Observational Study

Umme Ruman

The purpose of this study was to track changing patterns of contraceptive use, particularly long-term strategies and their disadvantages. Bangladesh is a country with a high density of population, with 1260 people living per square kilometer. Due to the availability of free contraceptive techniques provided by the Bangladeshi Ministry of Health and several non-governmental organizations (NGOs), our total fertility rate (TFR) has been decreased to 2.3. However, the use of family planning is still subpar, especially for long-term and irreversible techniques; as a result, the number of unexpected as well as unplanned pregnancies is rising quickly. Due to the over-the-counter (OTC) availability of abortifacient medications in our nation, such as misoprostol and mifepristone, people are ingesting them unsupervisedly at the incorrect dosage and gestational age. Despite the fact that most of these women are aware of the various forms of conventional contraceptive techniques, unsafe abortions are therefore on the rise. The study design was accepted by the Ethical Review Committee of the Combined Military Hospital (CMH) of Bogura. In total, 32629 women were enrolled in the present study. This retrograde observational study was conducted from July 2017 to June 2019 in four hospitals/clinics-Combined Military Hospital (CMH) of Bogura, Thengamara Mahila Shobuj Shangha (TMSS) Medical College and Hospital, Mary Stopes Clinic (MSC), and Shurjer Hashi Clinic (SHC). These centers were selected purposively as they have distinct family planning sections as well and they maintain well-structured data. Different parameters were Advanced Concepts in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 2 The Trends of Using Different Contraceptive Agents and its Drawbacks: A Multicenter Observational Study 2 compared between 2017 and 2018. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS (version 10), and the result, which is less than or equal to 0.05 has been signified as "statistically significant". Among the different contraception like short-acting methods (oral contraceptive pill (OCP), condom, and injectable hormones) and long-acting methods (intrauterine contraception device (IUCD), and implant) and permanent methods (tubectomy and vasectomy), the study observed that in Bogura CMH the number of OCP and condom users significantly increased in 2018 compared to that of 2017 and the p-value is 0.047 and 0.039, respectively. In 2018 IUCD users were reduced considerably (p=0.0001) in CMH Bogura compared to the previous year whereas in other hospitals/clinics, the outcome was non-significant. In the case of implant users, the number is almost similar in all the centers (for TMSS p=0.063; SHC p=0.25; MSC p=0.71), but surprisingly in CMH Bogura, no users were found in both years. For the injectable users, although it was significantly increased in MSC (p= 0.005), but significantly reduced in TMSS (p=0.043) whereas slightly reduced in CMH Bogura (p= 0.13) & SHC (p=0.226). The use of OCP was increased dramatically in MSC (0.01) and CMH Bogura (p=0.047); whereas significantly reduced in SHC (p=0.008). In TMSS and CMH Bogura the condom users were increased considerably (p=0.035 and p=0.039, respectively). In the case of tubal ligation, no change was observed in any center, whereas in the case of male sterilization, it was observed that it was absent in three centers but in MSC, it increased suddenly in the second year. The number of induced abortions after using misoprostol mifepristone was increased. They are admitted to the hospital with excess haemorrhage and infection. Preference for these agents is due to quick action and short dose. It is important to focus the long-acting contraceptive campaign. Family planning officers should be well-trained. Abortion-inducing medications should only be available by prescription from a doctor or other healthcare professional, with restrictions on their availability over the counter.

View PDFchevron_right

Contraceptive Methods and Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive In Use

Abstract Background: The world population will likely increase by 2.5 billion over the next 43 years, passing from the current 6.7 billion to 9.2 billion in 2050. Only limited information about the contraceptive practices especially modern contraceptive use is available. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of contraceptive methods and factors associated with modern contraceptive in use Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study of 288 females selected through consecutive sampling was conducted in Jinnah Post graduate Medical Center family reproductive health care center Karachi, Pakistan from November 2008 to January 2009. Females of reproductive age 16–50 years using any contraceptive measures and giving informed consent were included. Those who with severe debilitating disease, having any physical and mental disability were excluded. Two trained co researchers interviewed the participants for socio demographic reasons. The main outcome variables of the study were comparing modern and traditional contraceptive methods and factors associated with modern contraceptive in use. Results: The results showed mean age of contraceptive users was 29.49 (±6.42) years. Modern contraceptive method was used by 216 (75%) and traditional method by 72 (25%). Final multiple logistic regression showed that a few factors have influence on usage rate including: age>30 years [AOR, 0.426 95% CI0.209–0.865], addiction [AOR, 0.381 95% CI0.173–0.839], and means of information like family planning worker (FPW) [AOR, 6.315 95% CI 3.057–13.046], Television (TV) [AOR, 0.402 95% CI 0.165–0.979] and billboard (BB) [AOR, 0.207 95% CI 0.066–0.447]. Conclusion: Modern contraceptive method use is very common in our region (75%). The important means of information for modern contraceptive in use were GPs and family planning workers. Key words: Contraceptive, Modern contraceptive use, Means of information, Traditional contraceptive

View PDFchevron_right

Studying the use of oral contraception: a review of measurement approaches

Carolyn Westhoff, Katharine White

Journal of Women's …, 2010

BackgroundAlthough oral contraception (OC) misuse is presumed to play an important role in unwanted pregnancy, research findings have often been equivocal, perhaps reflecting unaddressed inconsistencies in methodological approaches.MethodsUsing established databases, we performed a systematic review of measurement methods for OC use using primary research reports published from January 1965 to December 2009.ResultsTerminology used to describe OC use, which included “continuation,” “compliance,” and “adherence,” differed across studies and was rarely defined. The majority of studies (n = 27 of 38, 71%) relied solely on self-report measures of OC use. Only two reports described survey or interview questions, and reliability and validity data were seldom described. More rigorous measurement methods, such as pill counts (electronic or manual), serum and urinary biomarkers, and pharmacy records, were infrequently employed. Nineteen studies simultaneously used more than one method, but only three studies compared direct and indirect methods.ConclusionsThe lack of a consistent, well-defined measurement of OC use limits our understanding of contraceptive misuse and related negative outcomes. Future research should clarify terminology, develop standardized measures, incorporate multimethod approaches with innovative methods, and publish details of measurement methods.

View PDFchevron_right

Trends in contraceptive use

Jacqueline Darroch

Contraception, 2013

Background: In the past 50-60 years, desired and actual family size have decreased and contraceptive use has increased, especially in developing countries. Unmet need for modern contraceptives and unintended pregnancy levels remain significant. Study Design: Data compiled by the United Nations and information from national surveys of women of reproductive age are used to examine trends. Results: Oral contraceptives and condoms have been predominant methods in developed countries; sterilization has been the most common in Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia; hormonal methods, in Africa. Some 222 million women in developing countries have unmet need for modern contraceptives, resulting in 2012 in an estimated 54 million unintended pregnancies and 79,000 maternal deaths more than if they used modern methods. Conclusions: Improvements are needed in contraceptive information and services as well as in contraceptive methods themselves to increase couples' success in achieving their desired timing and number of children.

View PDFchevron_right

Contraceptive methods: needs, options and utilization

rakhi jain

Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India, 2011

Background-Contraception is the intentional prevention of conception through the use of various devices, sexual practices, chemicals, drugs or surgical procedures. An effective contraception allows a physical relationship without fear of an unwanted pregnancy and ensures freedom to have children when desired. The aim is to achieve contraception in maximum comfort and privacy, with minimum cost and side effects. Some methods, like male and female condoms, also provide twin advantage of protection from sexually transmitted diseases. The burden of unsafe abortion lies primarily in developing countries. Here, contraceptive prevalence is measured among currently married women of reproductive age, and levels have not yet reached those that exist in developed countries. In countries like India, there is a dire need for contraceptive methods to be more women friendly, accessible and provide adequate privacy. Providers also need to be sensitive to special needs of adolescents as they are at ...

View PDFchevron_right

The usage and discontinuation of contraceptive methods

Nevin Şahin

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2011

Objective This study aims to determine the rates of contraceptive discontinuation and usage failure and to examine their relation with termination of pregnancy. Materials and methods This is a descriptive (cross-sectional) type of study. The study population was chosen among women treated at a state hospital in Karaman City, located in the southern part of Turkey. A total of 695 women were interviewed for the present study. Data were collected using a face-to-face interview technique with the questionnaire developed by the researchers. Chi-square test was applied as the significance test. Results While 44.3% and 23.7% of the women used medical and traditional methods of contraception, respectively, 32.0% did not use any method at all. Sixty percentage of the unintended pregnancies were terminated. Unintended pregnancy rate due to use of the withdrawal method was significantly high (p \ 0.000). For the reasons of women's discontinuation of family planning methods, it was observed that both usage failure and unintended pregnancy were among the top reasons for the discontinuation of medical methods; discontinuation of the withdrawal method was due to unintended pregnancies. Conclusions Withdrawal users have the highest unintended pregnancy rates. Most of these unintended/unplanned pregnancies are terminated. To increase the rate of use of medical contraceptive methods, users should be provided with adequate and high-quality consultancy services and evaluation of the applicant should be in accordance with the WHO criteria.

View PDFchevron_right

Oral contraceptives: 40 years after release

Øjvind Lidegaard

Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 2008

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

View PDFchevron_right

Contraception and health

john Cleland

The Lancet, 2012

Increasing contraceptive use in developing countries has cut the number of maternal deaths by 40% over the past 20 years, merely by reducing the number of unintended pregnancies. By preventing high-risk pregnancies, especially in women at high parities, and those that would have ended in unsafe abortion, increased contraceptive use has reduced the maternal mortality ratio-the risk of maternal death per 100 000 livebirths-by about 26% in little more than a decade. A further 30% of maternal deaths could be avoided by fulfilment of unmet need for contraception. The benefits of modern contraceptives to women's health, including non-contraceptive benefits of specific methods, outweigh the risks. Contraception can also improve perinatal outcomes and child survival, mainly by lengthening interpregnancy intervals. In developing countries, the risk of prematurity and low birthweight doubles when conception occurs within 6 months of a previous birth, and children born within 2 years of an elder sibling are 60% more likely to die in infancy than are those born more than 2 years after their sibling.

View PDFchevron_right

Contraception—Past, Present and Future

Basab Mukherjee

Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. eBooks, 2006

I cannot express enough thanks to my committee for their continued support and encouragement: Dr. Theresa Davies, my first reader; Dr. Elizabeth Kaye, my second reader. I offer my sincere appreciation for the learning opportunities provided by my readers. My completion of this project could not have been accomplished without the support of my family. My heartfelt thanks.

View PDFchevron_right

The use and impact of contraceptives in women: a critical review (2025)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Recommended Articles
Article information

Author: Geoffrey Lueilwitz

Last Updated:

Views: 6422

Rating: 5 / 5 (60 voted)

Reviews: 91% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Geoffrey Lueilwitz

Birthday: 1997-03-23

Address: 74183 Thomas Course, Port Micheal, OK 55446-1529

Phone: +13408645881558

Job: Global Representative

Hobby: Sailing, Vehicle restoration, Rowing, Ghost hunting, Scrapbooking, Rugby, Board sports

Introduction: My name is Geoffrey Lueilwitz, I am a zealous, encouraging, sparkling, enchanting, graceful, faithful, nice person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.